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The ICE manual of highway design and management is a one-stop reference for all practicing engineers working in the field of highway engineering. Written and edited by a wide selection of leading specialists, this manual covers each of the key aspects of highway engineering projects – from funding, procurement and transport planning to traffic engineering, materials and design – as well as the management and maintenance of existing highways assets.
The ICE manual of highway design and management is a one-stop reference for all practicing engineers working in the field of highway engineering. Written and edited by a wide selection of leading specialists, this manual covers each of the key aspects of highway engineering projects – from funding, procurement and transport planning to traffic engineering, materials and design – as well as the management and maintenance of existing highways assets.
Key features of the manual:
Over sixty highly illustrated chapters covering all areas of highway engineering
Includes case studies, common problems and practical advice throughout
Useful references to further reading and websites at the end of each chapter
Part of the ICE manuals series, the ICE manual of highway design and management is an invaluable resource for engineers in design and engineering consultancies, government agencies, research institutes, universities and colleges. Its highly practical approach will guide and train readers towards achieving expertise in all aspects of this important field of engineering.
Contents
Contents and Preliminary Pages
Section 1: Financial, legal and contractual framework
Chapter 1 Highway Legislation: England and Wales
Introduction
Part I. Highway authorities and agreements between authorities (sections 1–9)
Part II. Trunk roads, classified roads, metropolitan roads, special roads (sections 10–23)
Part III. Creation of highways (sections 24–35)
Part IV. Maintenance of highways (sections 36–61)
Part V. Improvements of highways (sections 62–105)
Part V A. Environmental impact assessments (sections 105 A-D)
Part VI. Construction of bridges over and tunnels under navigable waters and diversions etc. of watercourses (sections 106–111)
Part VII. Provision of special facilities for highways (sections 112–115)
Part VII A. Provision of amenities on certain highways
Part VIII. Stopping up and diversion of a highway and stopping up of means of access to a highway (sections 116–129)
Part IX. Lawful and unlawful interfaces with highways and streets (sections 130–185)
Part X. New streets (sections 186–202)
Part XI. Making up of private streets (sections 203–237)
Part XII. Acquisition, vesting and transfer of land etc. (sections 238–271)
Part XIII. Financial provision (sections 272–281)
Part XIV. Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions (sections 282–345) 1
References
Chapter 2 Highway Legislation: Scotland
Introduction
Part I: Public roads
Part II: Private roads
Part III: New roads
Part IV: Improvements and maintenance
Part V: Roads and building control
Part VI: Access and stopping up
Part VII: Bridges, tunnels and diversion of water
Part VIII: Interference and damage
Part IX: Acquisition, transfer, vesting and compensation
Part X: Miscellaneous
Part XI: Offences
Part XII: Statutory undertakers
Part XIII: General
Schedule 1: Procedures for making or confirming certain orders and schemes
Schedule 2: Validity and date of operation of certain orders and schemes
Schedule 3: Classes of traffic for purposes of special roads
Schedule 4: Procedure for determination by roads authority of certain questions in connection with cattle-grids
Schedule 5: Distance limits from public road for purposes of compulsory acquisition
Schedule 6: Special transitional provisions for trunk roads
Schedule 7: Restricted roads
Schedule 8: Penalties for offences
Schedule 9: Minor and consequential amendments
Schedule 10: Transitional provisions and savings
Schedule 11: Repeals
Chapter 3 Highway Legislation: Northern Ireland
Introduction
Primary legislation
The Roads (Northern Ireland) Order 1993
Part I: Introduction
Part II: Construction, maintenance and improvement of roads
Part III: Special roads
Part IV: Improvement and safety of roads
Part V: Environmental assessment
Part VI: Abandonments and stopping up of roads and private accesses
Part VII: Lawful and unlawful interference with roads
Part VIII: Road ferries
Part IX: Powers of the Department in relation to land
Part X: Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions
The Schedules
The Private Streets (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 (as amended by
The Private Streets (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1992)
Part I: Introduction 22 Part II: Laying out and construction of streets
Part III: Adoption of private streets as public roads
Part IV: Making up of private streets
Part V: Prior provision for expenses of street works in private streets
Part VI: Miscellaneous
References
Chapter 4 Public procurement
Introduction
Background and legal framework
When do the regulations apply?
What must be done to comply with the rules: the procurement process
What are the consequences of a failure to comply with the procurement rules?
References
Chapter 5 Funding the Highways Agency: estimates, funding, monitoring
Introduction
Central government organisation funding
Government agencies 38 Aim and objectives of the Highways Agency
The Highways Agency: roles, responsibilities and governance
The Highways Agency: business planning framework business plans
The Highways Agency: financial and investment arrangements
References
Chapter 6 Major highway scheme finance
Introduction
Basic accounting definitions
Highways Agency schemes funding
Local authority schemes funding
Developer funding
Community infrastructure levy (CIL)
Direct local authority funding
Practical funding considerations for promoters
References
Chapter 7 Highway capital maintenance
Introduction
block allocations
Highway capital maintenance funding
2010/11 allocations levels
Future funding levels
References
Chapter 8 Revenue funding for maintenance activities
Background to revenue funding
The formula grant
Calculation of the highway maintenance element of the formula grant
Calculation of the capital financing element of the formula grant
Sources of further information
Chapter 9 Forms of contract for highway construction projects
Introduction
Introduction to highway construction contracts
The use and importance of contracts in construction
Types and features of highway contracts 56 Statutory controls and impact
Tendering practice
Documents forming part of the construction contract
The applicable law of the contract
Selection of the conditions of contract in practice
The ICE conditions of contract, 7th edition
The Engineering and Construction Contract 3rd Edition (NEC3)
References
Chapter 10 National specification and design documents
CONTENTS Introduction
Design manual for roads and bridges
Interim Advice Notes
Manual of contract documents for highway works
References
Annex A
Annex B
Chapter 11 Local specifications and design documents
Introduction
Local specifications
Local modifications to the specification for highway works
Local design documents
References
Chapter 12 European Standards for products
Introduction
Mandates and essential requirements
The contents of a European Standard
Durability 91 National guidance
How Standards are produced
Quality assurance under a European Standard
Quality assurance and quality
References
Section 2: Transport planning
Chapter 13 Introduction to policy and practice
Introduction
The Strategic Planning Framework
Roles and responsibilities
Policies, plans and programmes
Appraisal of transport plans
Highway scheme planning and implementation
Impending changes to the planning system in England
References
Chapter 14 Existing conditions and data
Introduction
Existing conditions and data
Types of survey 107 Developing the scope of surveys
Sources of existing information 108 Bespoke surveys
Traffic-related surveys for economic appraisal
Traffic-related surveys for environmental appraisal
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Characteristics of transport and travel
Introduction
General trends in transport and travel
Private car travel
Freight traffic
Road traffic safety
Transport and travel choices
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Estimating transport demand
Introduction
Choice of modelling approach
Demand models
Types of models
References
Chapter 17 Traffic models for highway schemes
Introduction
Multi-stage models
Road traffic assignment models
Microsimulation models
Model calibration and validation
References
Chapter 18 Forecasting future conditions
Introduction
Principles of forecasting
Future year forecasts
Traffic forecasts for use in scheme appraisal
References
Chapter 19 Scheme appraisal
Introduction
National objectives for transport
Local and regional objectives
Improvements to identified problems
Other issues
Appraisal methodology
The Brief
Description of existing conditions
Planning factors
Description of scheme options
Traffic assessment
Cost estimates
Safety assessment
Economic assessment
Environmental assessment
Operational assessment
Appraisal Summary Tables (ASTs)
Implementation programme
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Public consultation
Introduction
The Government's Code of Practice
Types of public consultation
The consultation process
Planning the consultation
Targeting the audience
Engaging consultees – the exhibition
Engaging consultees – the questionnaire
Engaging consultees – focus groups
The Public Consultation Report
Feedback
The outcome – influencing decision-makers
References
Section 3: Traffic engineering
Chapter 21 Introduction, history, definition
The history of traffic and its management
Chapter 22 Traffic engineering legislation
Introduction
Current legislation
References
Chapter 23 Traditional traffic management
Introduction
Site data collection
Junction control methods
edestrian crossings
Road markings and traffic signs
Vehicle movement restrictions
Parking and loading restrictions
References
Chapter 24 Capacity analysis
Introduction
Junction types and their capacity
Modelling the capacity of individual junctions
Junction modelling software
Networks
Network modelling software
Micro-simulation software
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Highway layout and junction design
Introduction
Design speed
Stopping sight distance (SSD)
Horizontal alignment
Vertical alignment
Minor access onto trunk roads
Major/minor priority junctions (TA 42/95 and TD 41/95)
Roundabouts
Grade separation
Signalised junctions and roundabouts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Vehicle parking, waiting and loading
On-street parking
Off-street parking
Special users
Parking management
Credits
References
Chapter 27 Modern traffic management
Approach
Techniques
Application
Design considerations
References
Chapter 28 Assisting public transport
Introduction
Road-based public transport
Traffic management measures
Parking management measures
Bus lanes: with flow
Bus lanes: contraflow
Bus-only streets and bus-ways
Traffic signal control
Bus stop infrastructure
Bus priority: consideration of other road users
Evaluation of bus priority measures
References
Chapter 29 Road safety engineering
Introduction
Accidents
Causes of crashes
Contribution and consequences of speeding
Types of crashes (accidents)
Accident data collection
Road safety plans
Road safety engineering
Accident remedial schemes: process
Detailed site analysis
Accident remedial measures
Measuring the effectiveness of accident remedial schemes
Road safety audits
References
Chapter 30 Intelligent transport systems
Introduction
ITS and the ICE manual of highway design and management
Travel and traveller information
Network management – urban
Junction and network performance
Network management – interurban
Road user charging, congestion charging and electronic toll systems
Driver assistance
Public transport travel information
Future ITS
European ITS Directive
References
Section 4: Highway design principles and practice
Chapter 31 Highway design principles and practice: an introduction
Background
The design process
Conclusions
References
Chapter 32 Site investigation and foundation design
Introduction
Stages of site investigation
Slope stability
Embankment fills
Road pavement subgrade
Ground movement and subsidence
Foundation design for structures
References
Chapter 33 Geometric design
Introduction
Basic philosophy: the information
Geometry issues
Junction design
Highway features
A practical design
References
Chapter 34 Drainage design
Introduction
Elements of a road drainage system
Initial design stages
Network analysis
Design of pollution control and flood prevention measures
Design of other elements
Design deliverables
DMRB advice and guidelines
References
Chapter 35 Private developer projects
Introduction
The Highways Act and Approvals
Planning policy
Car parking
Shared spaces
User requirements
Highway design (or Design)
References
Chapter 36 Pavement design (highways)
Introduction
Foundation support
Traffic loading
Structural layer design – flexible pavements
Structural layer design – composite pavements
Design for maintenance
Selection of materials types
References
Chapter 37 Pavement design (highways rigid)
Introduction
Typical concrete pavement types
Detailing concrete pavements
Fibre-reinforced concrete
The surface finish
Slip membranes
Slip-road detailing
Transition slabs
Pavement anchorages
Joint design and detailing
Design methods Deterioration mechanisms and site construction problems
Construction methods
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 38 Pavement design (ancillary usage)
Industrial pavement design
Car parks and light access way design
Sports surfaces
Playgrounds
Footways and cycleways
Public footpaths and other public rights of way (PROW)
Farm roads
References
Chapter 39 Analytical pavement design
Introduction
Development of pavement design
Design development in the UK
The AASHTO design method
Analytical pavement design principles
Pavement modelling
Analytical evaluation of existing pavements
Summary
References
Chapter 40 Unsealed highway construction
Introduction
Materials
Performance and failure
Design
Construction
Maintenance
Environmental aspects
In-situ testing
References
Chapter 41 Surface characteristics (noise)
Introduction
Measurement of noise
Traffic noise generation
Noise reduction
Traffic noise mitigation and compensation
References
Chapter 42 Skid resistance
Introduction
Simple definitions relating to skid resistance
Specification of skid resistance in the UK
Measurement of skid resistance
Skid resistance measurement and device operation
Skid resistance, water and surface texture
Skid resistance measurement devices used in the UK
The Wehner–Schulze Test
Skid resistance and type of aggregate
Future trends
Conclusions
References
Chapter 43 Sustainability
CONTENTS Introduction
Resource use, recycling and waste
Public transport, walking and cycling
Adaptation to climate change
Assessment systems
Corporate responsibility
References
Chapter 44 Environmental considerations
Introduction/key background information on topic
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Environmental assets – evaluating what you have
Assessment of environmental effects
Design considerations
Handover and long-term management
References
Section 5: Highway materials and recycling
Chapter 45 Highway materials: an introduction
Introduction
Foundation layers
Surface layers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 46 Unbound aggregates
Introduction
Terminology
Production
Materials and specifications
Testing
References
Chapter 47 Hydraulically bound mixtures for local roads
Introduction
HBM behaviour
Pavement design and specification
HBM for local authorities
References
Chapter 48 Roller compacted concrete
Introduction
Benefits of RCC
Common applications of RCC
RCC mix proportioning
Mix design
RCC constituents
Quality control and test methods
Construction methodology
RCC properties
Conclusions
References
Chapter 49 Cold mix asphalt layers
Introduction
Cold mix asphalt mix design for plant mixtures
Cold mix asphalt mixing plant manufacture and installation
Sustainability
References
Chapter 50 Hot mix asphalt layers
Introduction
Mixture types
Layers
Sustainability
Summary
References
Chapter 51 Laying asphalts
Laying asphalt
Production and transportation of asphalts
Paver laid asphalt
Surface regularity
Laying chipped hot rolled asphalt surface courses
Weather conditions
Compaction of asphalts
Ironwork 510 Aftercare
Quality assurance
Epilogue
References
Chapter 52 Small element paving: design and construction
Introduction
Natural stone slabs, setts and concrete flags
Lightly trafficked pavement design
Heavy duty pavement design
Ports and heavy duty pavement design
Pavement overlay design
Detailing and construction
Permeable pavements
Edge restraints
References
Chapter 53 Surface treatments for highways
Introduction
Bitumen binders
Surface dressing
Slurry surfacing/ microsurfacing (sometimes referred to as microasphalt)
High friction surfacing (HFS)
Patching
Retexturing
Plant
Retread/repave
Stress absorbing membrane interlay (SAMI)
Imprinted surfaces
Surface preservation systems
The highway engineers toolbox – a concept
Guidance on using the highway engineer's toolbox
References
Chapter 54 Road markings
Introduction
The materials
Application
Performance requirements
Testing and inspection methods
Quality control
Quality assurance
References
Section 6: Maintenance planning and techniques
Chapter 55 Introduction and scope
Introduction
Factors affecting maintenance
Balancing maintenance need and investment
Maintenance funding
Maintenance asset management systems
Condition assessment
Associated legislation
References
Chapter 56 Maintenance policies
Introduction
Policy framework
The wider context
Network management
Duty or desire?
Asset management
Sustainability and highway maintenance
Issues to consider
Policy framework
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Chapter 57 Maintenance types
Introduction
Cyclic maintenance
Planned maintenance
Materials
Reactive maintenance
Reference
Chapter 58 The maintenance organisation
The basic shape of a maintenance organisation
Direct labour or contract
Contract types
Relationship between workforce size and winter maintenance
Inspection regimes
Training and development
References
Chapter 59 Politics and public
Introduction
The political scene
Working with the public
Dealing with the media
References
Chapter 60 The involvement and impact of the utilities
Introduction
Legislation
The coordination process
Noticing rules
Work categories
Electronic transfer of notices (EToN)
Permits
Restrictions following work activities
Inspections
Penalties
Industry organisations
The impact of reinstatements on highway pavements
The research programme
Charging structures
Determining the cost of premature maintenance
Creating a charge structure
References
Chapter 61 Winter service and other weather emergencies
Introduction
Statutory basis
Policy
Winter service objectives
Winter Service Plan
Network hierarchy and route optimisation
Salt bins
Weather prediction and information
Organisation and personnel
Facilities, vehicles and equipment
Salt and other de-icing materials
Information and publicity
National intervention
Sustainability and winter maintenance
Other weather emergencies
Issues to consider
Chapter 62 Financial management
Funding types
Dividing the pot
Budget approval and the design process
Commitments,spend and target cost issues
Chapter 63 An introduction to asset management
Introduction
Asset management challenges
References
Chapter 64 Starting the process of asset management
Introduction
What is asset management?
Getting started checklist
Getting ‘buy-in’ and support for asset management
Putting the asset management foundations in place
Conclusions
References
Chapter 65 Levels of Service
Introduction
Background
Some definitions of Levels of Service
Use of Levels of Service Developing Levels of Service
Levels of Service recommendations
Levels of Service statements
Who are the customers and stakeholders and what are the authority objectives?
Relationship between Levels of Service and authority objectives
Levels of Service and engineering standards
Suggested approach
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 66 Valuation of the assets
Introduction
The importance of transport asset management
The accounting approach Developing and using financial information
Calculating depreciated replacement costs for a highway network
Depreciation processing and reporting requirements (DRC)
Developing inventory components and groupings
References
Chapter 67 Lifecycle planning
Introduction
The lifecycle process
Objectives and policies
Inventory and condition data
ost of maintaining each group of assets
Performance gaps
Demands and risks
Appendix A
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 68 Asset management strategy and risk management
Asset management strategy
Investment strategy
Risk assessment
Introduction to the evaluation of risk in asset management
Existing guidance
Simple steps to get started in risk management
Continuing improvement in the future
Appendix A
Appendix B
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 69 Developments and conclusions
UK Pavement Management System
Prioritisation of highway works and deterioration models
Working the highway data
Taking stock and annual reviews
Conclusion
