Contenido Temperature Behavior of Bridges

Bridges are subject to daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations. The temperature variations can affect bridge materials and structural integrity, often interacting with other loads and masking their effects. Understanding temperature behaviors is crucial for accurate load assessment and bridge performance evaluation.

This book comprehensively studies temperature behaviors of bridges, covering beam, arch, cable?stayed, and suspension bridges using analytical, numerical, and field monitoring approaches. For each type of bridge, it not only reports field monitoring results but also presents an integrated heat?transfer and structural analysis framework, significantly enhancing the efficiency of simulating bridge temperature behaviors. Moreover, this book derives simple and general analytical formulas for temperature?induced deformations of bridges that can be easily adopted by engineers. This standout feature has not been previously studied and reported within academic and engineering societies.

A unique feature of this book is the presentation of 25?year field monitoring data of the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge, the most extensive field data available, showing the long?term behavior of the bridge. This invaluable data demonstrates the effects of global warming on infrastructure and necessitates the review of current design codes in the context of climate change. Other typical bridges, including the Hong Kong?Zhuhai?Macao Bridge and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Footbridge, are also used as examples to enhance understanding.

Temperature Behavior of Bridges is an essential resource for postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers seeking to master the temperature behaviors affecting modern bridge infrastructure.

INDEX

1. Introduction.

Notations
- Development of Bridges
- Classification of Bridges
  - Beam Bridges
  - Arch Bridges
  - Cable-Stayed Bridges
  - Suspension Bridges
- Temperature Behavior of Bridges
- Organizaton of the Book
Reference

2. Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges.

- SHM
  - Components of an SHM System
  - Sensory System and Sensors
  - Data Acquisition and Transmission System
  - Data Storage and Manegement System
  - Structural Evaluation System
  - Standard Specifications for SHM Systems
  - Prospects of SHM
- Monitoring of Bridge Temperature Behaviors
  - Temperature Monitoring
  - Temperature Behaviors of Beam Bridges
  - Temperature Behaviors of Arch Bridges
  - Temperature Behaviors of Cable-Stayed Bridges
  - Temperature Behaviors of Suspension Bridges
  - Summary
Reference

3. Numerical Analysis of Bridge Temperature Behaviors.

- Notations
  - Preface
  - Basic of Heat-Transfer Analysis
    - General Formulation
    - Thermal Boundary Conditions
    - Initial Temperature Conditions
    - Summary
- Separated Heat-Transfer and Structural Analyses
  - Humber Bridge and its Monitoring System
  - FE Model for Heat-Transfer Analysis
  - Temperature Variation of Box Girder Section
  - Vertical Temperature Gradient of Box Girder
  - TTD of Box Girder
  - Effect of Box Girder Prolife on TTD
  - Summary
- Integrated 3D Global Heat-Transfer and Structural Analysis
- Chapter Summary
- References

4. Temperature Behaviors of Suspension Bridges.

- Notarions
- Field Monitoring Studies if the Tsing Ma Bridge
  - SHM System on the Bridge
  - Measured Temperature Distribution
  - Temperature.Induced Structural Response
- Numerical Simulation of the Tsing Ma Bridge
  - Heat-Transfer Analysis
  - Structural Analysis
  - Summary
- Analytical Formulations of Three-Span Suspension Bridge
  - Complete Formulation
  - Simplified Formulation
  - Verification of Formulas
  - Sag Effects of Side-Span Cables
  - Discussions
  - Summary
- Analytical Formulations of Multi-Span Suspension Bridge
  - Complete Formulation
  - A Case Study
  - Simplified Formulation
  - Discussions
  - Summary
- Chapter Summary
- References
- Appendices

5. Temperature Behaviors of Cable-Stayed Bridges.

- Notations
  - Preface
  - Field Monitoring Studies of a Cable-Stayed Bridges
    -  SHM System on the Qingzhou Bridge
    -  Measured Temperature Distribution
    -  Temperature-Induced Structural Responses
    -  Summary
- Numerical Investigations of a Cable-Stayed Bridge
 - FE Model of the Qingzhou Bridge
 - Thermal Boundary and Initial Conditions
 - Temperature Distributions
 - Temperature-Induced Bridge Deformations
 - Summary
- Analytical Formulations
  - Temperature-Induced Bridge Deformations
  - Mechanisms of Temperature Effects
  - Discussion of Mechanisns
- Chapter Summary
- Reference

6. Temperature Behaviors of Arch Bridges.

- Notations
  - Preface
  - Field Monitoring Studies of PolyU Footbridge
    - SHM System of the Footbridge
    - Monitored Temperature Distributions
    - Temperature-Induced Structural Responses
    - Summary
- Numerical Investigations of the Footbridge
  - FE model of the Footbridge
  - Thermal Boundary Conditions and Initial Temperature Condition
  - Temperature Distributions  
  - Temperature-Induced Structural Responses
- Chapter Summary
- References

7. Temperature Behaviors of Beam Bridges.

- Notations
  - Preface
  - Field Monitoring Studies of a Viaduct
    - Sensors on the Viaduct
    - Monitoring Temperature Distribution
    - Temperature-Induced Structural Responses
    - Summary
- Analytical Formulations
  - Odd Numbered Beam Spans
  - Even-Numbered Beam Spans
  - Parametric Analysis and Discussions
  - A case Study
  - Summary
- Numerical  Simulation of the Viaduct
  - The FE Model
  - Model Verification
  - Thermal Boundary Conditions and Initial Condition
  - Temperature Distribution
  - Temperature Distributon
  - Temperature Induced Structural Responses
  - Summary
- Chapter Summary
- References
- Apendices

8. Long-Term Temperature Behaviors of the Tsing Ma Bridge.

- Notions   
  - Preface
  - Long-Term Meteorological Data in Hong Kong
  - Long Term Monitored Temperatures on the Tsing Ma Bridge
    - Air Temperature and Deck Effective Temperature
    - Vertical Temperature Gradient
    - Main Cable Effective Temperature
- Temperature-Induced Bridge Responses
  - Displacement Responses
  - Frequency Variations
- Correlation between Temperature and Bridges
- Responses
  - Relationship between Temperature and Displacement
  - Relationship between Frequency and Temperature
- Chapter Summary
- Refernces

9. Temperature Effects on Vibrational Properties of Bridges.

- Notations
 - Preface
 - Variations in Natural Frequency
 - Variations in Mode Shape and Damping
 - Quantitative Analysis
 - Case Studies
 - Laboratory-Tensed Beams
 - The Tsing Ma Bridge
- Chapter Summary
- References

10. Epilogue: Conclusions and Challenges.
 
- Conclusions
- Challenges
  - Heat-Transfer Analysis
  - Machine Learning Techniques
  - Global Warming
- References